What is Pneumothorax
Normally the pleural cavity is air. Visceral pleural-raların between the air entering and perietal (pneumothorax), the main reason related to rupture of the visceral pleura. Thus, in the airways and alveoli pleural cavity of air collected. Furthermore, trauma, surgical intervention and the pneumothorax may occur due to diseases of the mediastinum.
Most viewed Spontaneous pneumothorax is a pneumothorax. Air keseciklerinin, air cysts of the visceral pleura or lung parenkimasındaki delmesiyle pleural cavity, an infectious-air additive. 30-40 years of age and more frequently observed in smokers. Pnömotoraksda spontaneous lung watched so many times in the elderly is a chronic disease, such as tuberculosis, am-Fize, interstitial pneumonia, pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis has.
Diagnosis of pneumothorax for İatrojen toransentez, the biopsy needle biopsy or bronchoscopy, mechanical ventilasyonlarda, excessive loading of alveoli develop.
Traumatic pneumothorax Traumatic rupture of alveoli in the lungs and pleural cavity, the collection of air or outside air is husule. Rib kırıklarıda can lead to pneumothorax.
Clinical and radiological signs
Starts at rest in most patients with clinical symptoms of pneumothorax. Başhcalan of these symptoms of pain, dyspnea, and öksürükdür. Collection of pleural air increases, the two pleural cavity leaves separate from each other and the pain decreases or disappears, but the dyspnea increases.
Upon examination, the enlarged hemithorax, decreased breath sounds and movements monitored.
Chest X-ray of the lung and the parietal-visceral plevralar hilusa shrunk to occur between the air. Tension pneumothorax, especially in cases of large and robust hemithorax mediastinum is pushed.
Treatment of Pneumothorax
Treatment of pneumothorax size, the cause and course of existence depends. And one of the pneumothorax in patients with less than 15% Asimptomatik hemitoraksda palliative treatment usually 1 -2 weeks intraplöral air is absorbed. Oxygen therapy makes it easy to air absorption. Did not respond to treatment and palliative torakslarda larger pneumonia cases under water and the drainage tube is removed from direnajıyla usually discharged into the air a few days. Air leak in the water six direnajıyla önlenememişse torakotomiyle pneumothorax is treated in 7-10 days. Traumatic Pneumothorax surgery is quite often.
Approximately 30% of patients will relapse after treatment of pneumothorax. Pnömotoraksdan probability of recurrence after a second 60% and 85% after the third is from pneumothorax. Therefore, after the second or third recurrence surgically removed from the relevant regional resection.
Showing posts with label Pleural Diseases. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Pleural Diseases. Show all posts
Pleural Neoplasms, Pleural Tumor
Covers about 50% of tumors of the pleura in pleural diseases. Pleural tumors and metastases in men than once too many times metastatiktir lung, lung and breast in women occurs.
Intraplöral disrupt the balance of secretion and absorption of the tumor, venous and lymph circulation, obstruction, tumor cells or exudation exudative provoked to take off their liquid, due to bronchial obstruction paraplöral infectious causes of pleural fluid. Furthermore, hypoproteinemia, or cancer of pleural fluid can lead to congestive heart failure.
Stomach, pancreas, colon, breast, kidney and other organ cancers in the pleura metastases. Furthermore, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, especially frequent pleural metastases.
Primary tumors of the pleura
Primary pleural mesothelioma tumors. There are two types of mesothelioma: (1) local fibrous mesothelioma, (2) common malignant mesothelioma.
Local Fibrosis Mesothelioma
Macroscopically, the tumor ankapsüle, in the form of a hard nodule, visceral or parietal pleura in a narrow smack dismissed. Hemithorax may be enough to cover a few centimeters or the size of the tumor. Microscopic examination of tumor tissue and benign tissue in some parts of the structure of kolagen seen. Local mesothelioma from benign nature in terms of trends. However, a very long time, especially after surgery may develop local invasion.
Fibrous mesothelioma after 40 years of age are more local. There is no clinical symptoms in most patients. Routine lung tumor radyografısiyle understood. The tumor is greater dyspnea, chest pain and cough may occur. Hyper-trophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is a common finding. Patients sometimes a sub-febrile fever, chills and high fever attacks rarely occur. Sweating is common. Especially the knee, ankle and toe joints and rheumatic pain roma-toid arthritis common clinical manifestations. Pleural epanşmanı may husule, sometimes bloody.
The local primary or metastatic lung cancer mesothelioma diagnosis usually is made. Lung periphery, surrounding a specific lesion in the presence of symptoms of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, local increases suspicion of mesothelioma. Locally, this type of mesothelioma is a rare disease, thought to changes in the majority of cases of bronchial cancer.
Treatment, resection of the tumor surgically. After removal of the tumor of bone, joint symptoms, and clubbing are lost.
What is common malignant mesothelioma
Usually seen after 40 years of age, cause of the disease in almost every case, asbestosistir. Mesotel proliferation of cancerous cells is high. Plaktan develops a fibrous tumor, lung and interlobar sissürlere wraps round progresses. Pericardium, heart, and against the party plevrasına diyafrağmaya can spread directly. These tumors are caused by massive pleural fluid. The appearance is like a liquid, or white exudate Epanşman. Moment-a cyst fluid tumor grows, flourishes. Mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes are spread in 50% of cases. In some cases, hematogenous spread to other organs are.
Liver and other lung, hematogenous metastases seen in most organs. Pleural mesothelioma in the peritoneum can spread, pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma can spread.
Polimorftur histological structure of malignant mesothelioma. Changes in cancer tissue sarcoma and mixed together. In some cases, only sarcoma tumor alone or niteliğindedir cancer.
Common cases of malignant mesothelioma, a local clinical symptoms of benign mesothelioma are more pronounced. The most important clinical symptom chest pain-force it. Küntdür this pain many times, gradually gains a serious nature. Excess of the size of the tumor and the pleura epanşmanının are developing in parallel with a dyspnea. So many times, a chronic, dry cough, these symptoms are added. Fatigue, systemic symptoms such as weight loss is common, but osteoarthropathy and clubbing in the symptoms of benign mesothelioma are rare malignant mesotelyomada.
Chest radiography is a common pleural thickening. There are some cases epanşmanı pleura, lung parenkimasında seen a significant change. In some cases, with bilateral pleural thickening husule income.
Cytological examination of pleural fluid or pleural needle biopsy in the diagnosis of the disease can be provided. However, a definitive diagnosis in most cases, open pleural biopsy, pleurectomy, decortication with plöropnömonektomi If done less frequently understood.
Palliative treatment. Surgical removal of tumor, radiotherapy or chemotherapy initiative has not been a more favorable prognosis. Fungal infection and tumor recurrence is most often seen at the operative site. Reduced dyspnea and lung function increases the patient's pleural epanşmanı boşaltılınca.
Intraplöral disrupt the balance of secretion and absorption of the tumor, venous and lymph circulation, obstruction, tumor cells or exudation exudative provoked to take off their liquid, due to bronchial obstruction paraplöral infectious causes of pleural fluid. Furthermore, hypoproteinemia, or cancer of pleural fluid can lead to congestive heart failure.
Stomach, pancreas, colon, breast, kidney and other organ cancers in the pleura metastases. Furthermore, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, especially frequent pleural metastases.
Primary tumors of the pleura
Primary pleural mesothelioma tumors. There are two types of mesothelioma: (1) local fibrous mesothelioma, (2) common malignant mesothelioma.
Local Fibrosis Mesothelioma
Macroscopically, the tumor ankapsüle, in the form of a hard nodule, visceral or parietal pleura in a narrow smack dismissed. Hemithorax may be enough to cover a few centimeters or the size of the tumor. Microscopic examination of tumor tissue and benign tissue in some parts of the structure of kolagen seen. Local mesothelioma from benign nature in terms of trends. However, a very long time, especially after surgery may develop local invasion.
Fibrous mesothelioma after 40 years of age are more local. There is no clinical symptoms in most patients. Routine lung tumor radyografısiyle understood. The tumor is greater dyspnea, chest pain and cough may occur. Hyper-trophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is a common finding. Patients sometimes a sub-febrile fever, chills and high fever attacks rarely occur. Sweating is common. Especially the knee, ankle and toe joints and rheumatic pain roma-toid arthritis common clinical manifestations. Pleural epanşmanı may husule, sometimes bloody.
The local primary or metastatic lung cancer mesothelioma diagnosis usually is made. Lung periphery, surrounding a specific lesion in the presence of symptoms of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, local increases suspicion of mesothelioma. Locally, this type of mesothelioma is a rare disease, thought to changes in the majority of cases of bronchial cancer.
Treatment, resection of the tumor surgically. After removal of the tumor of bone, joint symptoms, and clubbing are lost.
What is common malignant mesothelioma
Usually seen after 40 years of age, cause of the disease in almost every case, asbestosistir. Mesotel proliferation of cancerous cells is high. Plaktan develops a fibrous tumor, lung and interlobar sissürlere wraps round progresses. Pericardium, heart, and against the party plevrasına diyafrağmaya can spread directly. These tumors are caused by massive pleural fluid. The appearance is like a liquid, or white exudate Epanşman. Moment-a cyst fluid tumor grows, flourishes. Mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes are spread in 50% of cases. In some cases, hematogenous spread to other organs are.
Liver and other lung, hematogenous metastases seen in most organs. Pleural mesothelioma in the peritoneum can spread, pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma can spread.
Polimorftur histological structure of malignant mesothelioma. Changes in cancer tissue sarcoma and mixed together. In some cases, only sarcoma tumor alone or niteliğindedir cancer.
Common cases of malignant mesothelioma, a local clinical symptoms of benign mesothelioma are more pronounced. The most important clinical symptom chest pain-force it. Küntdür this pain many times, gradually gains a serious nature. Excess of the size of the tumor and the pleura epanşmanının are developing in parallel with a dyspnea. So many times, a chronic, dry cough, these symptoms are added. Fatigue, systemic symptoms such as weight loss is common, but osteoarthropathy and clubbing in the symptoms of benign mesothelioma are rare malignant mesotelyomada.
Chest radiography is a common pleural thickening. There are some cases epanşmanı pleura, lung parenkimasında seen a significant change. In some cases, with bilateral pleural thickening husule income.
Cytological examination of pleural fluid or pleural needle biopsy in the diagnosis of the disease can be provided. However, a definitive diagnosis in most cases, open pleural biopsy, pleurectomy, decortication with plöropnömonektomi If done less frequently understood.
Palliative treatment. Surgical removal of tumor, radiotherapy or chemotherapy initiative has not been a more favorable prognosis. Fungal infection and tumor recurrence is most often seen at the operative site. Reduced dyspnea and lung function increases the patient's pleural epanşmanı boşaltılınca.
Examination of Pleural Fluid
May be sufficient in some cases, the diagnosis of pleural fluid characteristics. In some cases, the clinical, radiographic and laboratory investigations further the cause of pleural fluid does not occur. In these cases must be closed or open pleural biopsy. In some cases, pleural biopsy does not provide the diagnosis.
Many times, a detailed examination of pleural fluid is sufficient for diagnosis. These features are written in summary below:
Macroscopic appearance exudative yellow fluid, usually clear. Light yellow, straw yellow or dark yellow can. Is greater than the number of cells appear blurry. Lighter than transudate fluid, similar to water and less chance of being blurred. When the blood, the liquid color is red. Blood vessel puncture with fluid from the blood of an intercostal karıştırmamalıdır punction. Thoracentesis with traumatic blood, is one of aspiration. Boşaltıldıkça bloody color liquid is reduced. Malignant diseases of the pleura, lung and thoracic trauma, infarction, and some leukemia, cirrhosis, tuberculosis, and rare cases of bloody fluid homogeneous. Trauma is not in question, hemorrhagic pleural effusion, there has not been another diagnosis, a malignant disease is indicated. Chylothorax, such as milk is an important finding in view of the liquid. If done by aspiration of the patient 1-2 hours after eating food that is more prominent appearance. Cases of empyema, pleural fluid, pus in the form of dark, yellow-greenish color. Aspiration is done with difficulty. Pleurisy Infection sometimes occurs more blur, similar to empyema. Cholesterol increased by a yellow liquid in ages, income husule polished look. There are chocolate-colored skin abscess amoeba.
Protein content and density of fluid transudates gm protein, less than 3%, 3% of the exudate from the more than GM. Transüdada density of less than 1,015, with more than 1,015 exudate. Pleural fluid protein / serum protein ratio in transudate <0.5,> 0.5 is. Pleural fluid LDH / serum LDH ratio in transudate <0.6,> 0.6 is.
Cytological examination is very important for differential diagnosis. Citrate pleural fluid leukocyte count and leukocyte formula is attached. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes core is more often a postpnömonik epanşmanı, lymphocytes, tuberculosis is more than is indicated. Malignant cells should be sought as a fluid routine. However, in some cases, the serosa cells of malignant cells is difficult to separate. In these cases repeated examination. Increased fluid eosinophil trauma, pulmonary infarction, cancer, Hodgkin's, is seen in some diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa and rheumatoid arthritis.
Bacteriological examination of the liquid bacterial culture, Koch's bacillus to investigate (directly, condensation, and culture) are routinely applied. Koch's bacillus to be very liquid, so that increases the chance of finding. Anaerobic culture is necessary.
Pleural fluid in cases of rheumatoid arthritis investigation Shimei many times the amount of glucose drops below 20 mg%. Some tuberculosis epanşmalarında mg glucose less than 60%, chloride is less than 80%. In some cases of cancer are decreasing the amount of liquid glucose. Examination of pleural fluid and blood, now I should be done on an empty stomach and at the same time.
Study of enzymes related to acute pancreatitis, increased amylase left pleural epan-şmanında is an important finding for diagnosis. Plasmadaki amount is too much fluid amylase, may be more than 50 times. More than half of cases of malignant pleural epanşmanı dehidrojenez lactate (LDH) in a certain way (more than 35% of that in serum) increases. Shimei, and pleural fluid and serum enzyme studies at the same time and would be more useful evaluation is done on an empty stomach. Some cases of pleural tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis epanş-manında LDH was observed to increase, but this is not a probability rate of malignant epanşmanlar much.
PH, pC02 and pH of pleural fluid analysis of P02 non-malignant diseases, especially tuberculosis epanşmanlarında postpnömonik and low, 7.30 'is less than. However, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis and cancer cases, the pH is high. PH measurement alone is considered in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and cancer diagnosis would be very useful. Example of pH 7.30 is less than the tuberculosis and 7:40 more than evidence of the cancer. Furthermore, pH 7.20 less than that tend towards showing empyema or empyema is an important finding. PC02 decreased pH in pleural fluid usually increases in cases.
Many times, a detailed examination of pleural fluid is sufficient for diagnosis. These features are written in summary below:
Macroscopic appearance exudative yellow fluid, usually clear. Light yellow, straw yellow or dark yellow can. Is greater than the number of cells appear blurry. Lighter than transudate fluid, similar to water and less chance of being blurred. When the blood, the liquid color is red. Blood vessel puncture with fluid from the blood of an intercostal karıştırmamalıdır punction. Thoracentesis with traumatic blood, is one of aspiration. Boşaltıldıkça bloody color liquid is reduced. Malignant diseases of the pleura, lung and thoracic trauma, infarction, and some leukemia, cirrhosis, tuberculosis, and rare cases of bloody fluid homogeneous. Trauma is not in question, hemorrhagic pleural effusion, there has not been another diagnosis, a malignant disease is indicated. Chylothorax, such as milk is an important finding in view of the liquid. If done by aspiration of the patient 1-2 hours after eating food that is more prominent appearance. Cases of empyema, pleural fluid, pus in the form of dark, yellow-greenish color. Aspiration is done with difficulty. Pleurisy Infection sometimes occurs more blur, similar to empyema. Cholesterol increased by a yellow liquid in ages, income husule polished look. There are chocolate-colored skin abscess amoeba.
Protein content and density of fluid transudates gm protein, less than 3%, 3% of the exudate from the more than GM. Transüdada density of less than 1,015, with more than 1,015 exudate. Pleural fluid protein / serum protein ratio in transudate <0.5,> 0.5 is. Pleural fluid LDH / serum LDH ratio in transudate <0.6,> 0.6 is.
Cytological examination is very important for differential diagnosis. Citrate pleural fluid leukocyte count and leukocyte formula is attached. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes core is more often a postpnömonik epanşmanı, lymphocytes, tuberculosis is more than is indicated. Malignant cells should be sought as a fluid routine. However, in some cases, the serosa cells of malignant cells is difficult to separate. In these cases repeated examination. Increased fluid eosinophil trauma, pulmonary infarction, cancer, Hodgkin's, is seen in some diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa and rheumatoid arthritis.
Bacteriological examination of the liquid bacterial culture, Koch's bacillus to investigate (directly, condensation, and culture) are routinely applied. Koch's bacillus to be very liquid, so that increases the chance of finding. Anaerobic culture is necessary.
Pleural fluid in cases of rheumatoid arthritis investigation Shimei many times the amount of glucose drops below 20 mg%. Some tuberculosis epanşmalarında mg glucose less than 60%, chloride is less than 80%. In some cases of cancer are decreasing the amount of liquid glucose. Examination of pleural fluid and blood, now I should be done on an empty stomach and at the same time.
Study of enzymes related to acute pancreatitis, increased amylase left pleural epan-şmanında is an important finding for diagnosis. Plasmadaki amount is too much fluid amylase, may be more than 50 times. More than half of cases of malignant pleural epanşmanı dehidrojenez lactate (LDH) in a certain way (more than 35% of that in serum) increases. Shimei, and pleural fluid and serum enzyme studies at the same time and would be more useful evaluation is done on an empty stomach. Some cases of pleural tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis epanş-manında LDH was observed to increase, but this is not a probability rate of malignant epanşmanlar much.
PH, pC02 and pH of pleural fluid analysis of P02 non-malignant diseases, especially tuberculosis epanşmanlarında postpnömonik and low, 7.30 'is less than. However, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis and cancer cases, the pH is high. PH measurement alone is considered in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and cancer diagnosis would be very useful. Example of pH 7.30 is less than the tuberculosis and 7:40 more than evidence of the cancer. Furthermore, pH 7.20 less than that tend towards showing empyema or empyema is an important finding. PC02 decreased pH in pleural fluid usually increases in cases.
Tumors in pleural fluid
Bronchial cancer, lymphoma, breast and abdominal organs, cause cancer, pleural metastasis epanşmana doing.
Differentiated adenocarcinoma and pleura of the lung cancer was not the most common tumors that spread. However, the most common "squamous lung cancer" spread seyrekdir pleura. Vvill contraindications to surgery in pleural fluid seen in cancer cells. Cases are seen in cancer cells in pleural fluid, biopsy, surgery can be applied if negative results in terms of cancer. Hodgkin's disease niteliğindedir.Kanserlerden exudative pleural effusion of the pleural fluid is usually very time-diasten lymph nodes metastasis is due to me. The lymph glands grow, blocking the circulation of lymph epanşmana causes. Therefore, malignant cells of pleural fluid seen too many times. To locate the primary cancer is diagnosed with the disease or the study of mediastan lenfadenopatisini (ie biopsy) is provided.
Breast cancer is approximately 50% of pleural fluid husule. These cancers usually through lymphatic metastases. Metastasis is usually caused by the unilateral pleural fluids. And about 50% of bloody. Liquid exudates niteliğindedir than once.
Malignant pleural effusions often insidious onset, no chest pain, or ambiguous, there is usually fire. Dyspnea was the most-watched clinical manifestation. Cough and sputum are usually associated with lung lesions. Systemic symptoms such as fatigue and cachexia in nature.
Kuşkulandırır cancer of the liquid to be bloody. Clinical, radiological examination of symptoms, and the fluid does not support the diagnosis of pleural biopsy is done.
Mastectomy due to cancer of the cases, many years later is quite common in metastatic pleural epanşmanı. This is usually unilateral pleural fluids. Lymphatic spread of cancer, Hodgkin's disease, lenfosarkoma, lymphoma and liver cancer, pleural epanşmanı husule other income. This will help in diagnosis and disease related symptoms, such Hodgkinde mediastinal adenopathy, peripheral lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly-gali, clinical signs such as fever and anemia are observed.
Fluids due to cancer of the pleural fluid of tuberculosis is difficult to separate the macroscopic appearance, and laboratory examination. However, diagnostic fluid for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or malignant cells takes place is found. Cytological, bacteriological, biochemical and other laboratory tests can be helpful. Contributes to the diagnosis of pleural effusions of cancer two features: (1) Liquid hemorajiktir many times, (2) And again after emptying rapidly collected. In some cases, yellow liquid, can be clear. Cancer cells may not be available in liquid, because the cancer tissue and cell loss is not always fluid. Malignant cells can be examined several times. Parietal pleura biopsy and cytopathologic examination of the fluid of the cases, the diagnosis of cancer, gives a more positive result. Pleural biopsy results will be better implemented with the view of Pleuroscopy. Pleuroscopy made easier with flexible fiberoptic instruments.
Pleural effusion is an important problem for cancer patients and their physicians. Often a cytostatic drug should be emptied and intraplöral. Persistent pleural effusions and 50 indoor water drainage by applying the liquid to be discharged in full in the cytostatic drug or quinacrine saline or antibiotics, for example, 500mg of tetracycline is intraplöral. Indoor water drainage to a forceps by squeezing the tube closed. 5-10 minutes until the patient forward, backward and side lying (all 30-40 minutes), the drug is spread all over the place. Clamp loosened and drainage is provided. Drainage tube is removed from the bottle of liquid toplanmazsa intraplöral.
Other Causes of Pleural Fluid
Acute rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus Erythematosus, and kolagen diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa and pneumothorax, myocardial infarction, and trauma or pleural effusion may husule.
Fairly large number of patients, pleural effusion, more than one related to the disease. For example, congestive heart failure, trauma, infection, complication of bronchial cancer and pleural fluid causes. Heart and lung cancer patients and pleural fluid can lead to infarction husule income. Cancer and tuberculosis pleural effusion can be found, accompanied.
Appendicitis and stomach perforation, pancreatitis, liver abscess, subphrenic abscesses of abdominal surgical procedures and other reasons, often observed in pleural fluid. In peritoneal fluid, peritoneum, diaphragm and pleura inflammation brought husule microscopic or larger, and more rarely in the mediastinum boşlukda intraplöral collected through the cracks. Meigs syndrome, pleural effusion is a common complication.
Pleural effusion is a common complication of pulmonary infarction. Pulmonary infarction, vascular congestion, long bed rest, and postoperative husule reasons of income, many elderly people are seen. A classic symptom of the disease is an acute chest pain, hemoptysis, and dyspnea. However, the majority of cases are minor or no clinical symptoms. Disease ambulatory and light. Dyspnea is more important than the other findings. Liquid unilateral, bilateral or less, may be serous or bloody.
Differentiated adenocarcinoma and pleura of the lung cancer was not the most common tumors that spread. However, the most common "squamous lung cancer" spread seyrekdir pleura. Vvill contraindications to surgery in pleural fluid seen in cancer cells. Cases are seen in cancer cells in pleural fluid, biopsy, surgery can be applied if negative results in terms of cancer. Hodgkin's disease niteliğindedir.Kanserlerden exudative pleural effusion of the pleural fluid is usually very time-diasten lymph nodes metastasis is due to me. The lymph glands grow, blocking the circulation of lymph epanşmana causes. Therefore, malignant cells of pleural fluid seen too many times. To locate the primary cancer is diagnosed with the disease or the study of mediastan lenfadenopatisini (ie biopsy) is provided.
Breast cancer is approximately 50% of pleural fluid husule. These cancers usually through lymphatic metastases. Metastasis is usually caused by the unilateral pleural fluids. And about 50% of bloody. Liquid exudates niteliğindedir than once.
Malignant pleural effusions often insidious onset, no chest pain, or ambiguous, there is usually fire. Dyspnea was the most-watched clinical manifestation. Cough and sputum are usually associated with lung lesions. Systemic symptoms such as fatigue and cachexia in nature.
Kuşkulandırır cancer of the liquid to be bloody. Clinical, radiological examination of symptoms, and the fluid does not support the diagnosis of pleural biopsy is done.
Mastectomy due to cancer of the cases, many years later is quite common in metastatic pleural epanşmanı. This is usually unilateral pleural fluids. Lymphatic spread of cancer, Hodgkin's disease, lenfosarkoma, lymphoma and liver cancer, pleural epanşmanı husule other income. This will help in diagnosis and disease related symptoms, such Hodgkinde mediastinal adenopathy, peripheral lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly-gali, clinical signs such as fever and anemia are observed.
Fluids due to cancer of the pleural fluid of tuberculosis is difficult to separate the macroscopic appearance, and laboratory examination. However, diagnostic fluid for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or malignant cells takes place is found. Cytological, bacteriological, biochemical and other laboratory tests can be helpful. Contributes to the diagnosis of pleural effusions of cancer two features: (1) Liquid hemorajiktir many times, (2) And again after emptying rapidly collected. In some cases, yellow liquid, can be clear. Cancer cells may not be available in liquid, because the cancer tissue and cell loss is not always fluid. Malignant cells can be examined several times. Parietal pleura biopsy and cytopathologic examination of the fluid of the cases, the diagnosis of cancer, gives a more positive result. Pleural biopsy results will be better implemented with the view of Pleuroscopy. Pleuroscopy made easier with flexible fiberoptic instruments.
Pleural effusion is an important problem for cancer patients and their physicians. Often a cytostatic drug should be emptied and intraplöral. Persistent pleural effusions and 50 indoor water drainage by applying the liquid to be discharged in full in the cytostatic drug or quinacrine saline or antibiotics, for example, 500mg of tetracycline is intraplöral. Indoor water drainage to a forceps by squeezing the tube closed. 5-10 minutes until the patient forward, backward and side lying (all 30-40 minutes), the drug is spread all over the place. Clamp loosened and drainage is provided. Drainage tube is removed from the bottle of liquid toplanmazsa intraplöral.
Other Causes of Pleural Fluid
Acute rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus Erythematosus, and kolagen diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa and pneumothorax, myocardial infarction, and trauma or pleural effusion may husule.
Fairly large number of patients, pleural effusion, more than one related to the disease. For example, congestive heart failure, trauma, infection, complication of bronchial cancer and pleural fluid causes. Heart and lung cancer patients and pleural fluid can lead to infarction husule income. Cancer and tuberculosis pleural effusion can be found, accompanied.
Appendicitis and stomach perforation, pancreatitis, liver abscess, subphrenic abscesses of abdominal surgical procedures and other reasons, often observed in pleural fluid. In peritoneal fluid, peritoneum, diaphragm and pleura inflammation brought husule microscopic or larger, and more rarely in the mediastinum boşlukda intraplöral collected through the cracks. Meigs syndrome, pleural effusion is a common complication.
Pleural effusion is a common complication of pulmonary infarction. Pulmonary infarction, vascular congestion, long bed rest, and postoperative husule reasons of income, many elderly people are seen. A classic symptom of the disease is an acute chest pain, hemoptysis, and dyspnea. However, the majority of cases are minor or no clinical symptoms. Disease ambulatory and light. Dyspnea is more important than the other findings. Liquid unilateral, bilateral or less, may be serous or bloody.
What is Empyema (Pyotoraks), Treatment of Empyema
Empyema, purulent pleural epansmanıdır, gradually increases after the start of the ciddileşir. Empyema of the pleura, the spread of pulmonary infection in a very high income. Furthermore, thoracic trauma, thoracic surgery can lead to empyema and subphrenic abscess. Pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, empyema, and complications are the major causes of cancer.
Pyojen staphylococcus, pneumococcus and empyema strepkoklar most common infectious agents. These bacteria are anaerobic bacteria, many times, with gram-positive and-negative bacteria is located.
Pathology
Purulent pleural fluid, empyema If there is a quality win. In some cases, fibrous adhesions, or ankiste lolalize is causing empyema. When the two pleural infection under control with treatment sometimes leaves partially adheres to local or widespread. Early and effective treatment in cases of the disappearance of pleural abnormalities on the surface of the situation becomes normal in a few months.
In some cases, bronchial fistula and pleural cavity husule bronkoplöral income combined with each other. More rarely, empyema chest wall by opening the "ampyema nesessitatis" husule income.
Clinical and radiological findings
Do not respond to an adequate antibiotic treatment, complications of pneumonia or lung abscess, empyema kuşkulanmalıdır cases.
Empyema the beginning of the symptoms of acute illness, pin high fever, insomnia, anorexia, and disease. A few weeks after the start clubbing.
There are radiographic appearance of pleural effusion, but a definitive diagnosis thick purulent fluid was aspirated with a needle visualization is provided. Received fluid cytological and bacteriological submitted for review. Bronchoscopy with bronchial cancer, or whether there is a foreign body should be investigated. If you have doubt Bronkoplöral pleural fistula is injected into a sterile 2% methylene blue 2. Sputum bronkoplöral fistula if there is blue. An antibiotic such as rifampicin intraplöral red color to red staining of sputum is injected into the fistula proves bronkoplöral. Bronkografı done in these cases is determined whether the fistula location and bronchiectasis.
Treatment of Empyema
Infection control, evacuation of pus and pleural cavity of the lung is the major treatment goals ekspanse. Not too dark matter in cases of empyema, aspiration and antibiotic treatment often can be a good result.
Thoracentesis drained the liquid culture of Koch bacilli and aerobic, anaerobic culture are examined. And that culture is the appropriate antibiotic therapy. Aspiration or drainage is required .. Without effective medical treatment, surgical treatment is applied. Thickened parietal pleural peel is removed (dekortikas-tion) and bronkoplöral fistula sutured closed. Pyojen infections drug treatment is continued a few weeks. Some of tuberculosis treatment is extended Empyema sometimes a longer period of time is completed in 2 years.
Bronchial complication of cancer treatment in cases of empyema palliative nature. When liquid is poured over, and the cytostatic antibiotic is injected locally.
Pyojen staphylococcus, pneumococcus and empyema strepkoklar most common infectious agents. These bacteria are anaerobic bacteria, many times, with gram-positive and-negative bacteria is located.
Pathology
Purulent pleural fluid, empyema If there is a quality win. In some cases, fibrous adhesions, or ankiste lolalize is causing empyema. When the two pleural infection under control with treatment sometimes leaves partially adheres to local or widespread. Early and effective treatment in cases of the disappearance of pleural abnormalities on the surface of the situation becomes normal in a few months.
In some cases, bronchial fistula and pleural cavity husule bronkoplöral income combined with each other. More rarely, empyema chest wall by opening the "ampyema nesessitatis" husule income.
Clinical and radiological findings
Do not respond to an adequate antibiotic treatment, complications of pneumonia or lung abscess, empyema kuşkulanmalıdır cases.
Empyema the beginning of the symptoms of acute illness, pin high fever, insomnia, anorexia, and disease. A few weeks after the start clubbing.
There are radiographic appearance of pleural effusion, but a definitive diagnosis thick purulent fluid was aspirated with a needle visualization is provided. Received fluid cytological and bacteriological submitted for review. Bronchoscopy with bronchial cancer, or whether there is a foreign body should be investigated. If you have doubt Bronkoplöral pleural fistula is injected into a sterile 2% methylene blue 2. Sputum bronkoplöral fistula if there is blue. An antibiotic such as rifampicin intraplöral red color to red staining of sputum is injected into the fistula proves bronkoplöral. Bronkografı done in these cases is determined whether the fistula location and bronchiectasis.
Treatment of Empyema
Infection control, evacuation of pus and pleural cavity of the lung is the major treatment goals ekspanse. Not too dark matter in cases of empyema, aspiration and antibiotic treatment often can be a good result.
Thoracentesis drained the liquid culture of Koch bacilli and aerobic, anaerobic culture are examined. And that culture is the appropriate antibiotic therapy. Aspiration or drainage is required .. Without effective medical treatment, surgical treatment is applied. Thickened parietal pleural peel is removed (dekortikas-tion) and bronkoplöral fistula sutured closed. Pyojen infections drug treatment is continued a few weeks. Some of tuberculosis treatment is extended Empyema sometimes a longer period of time is completed in 2 years.
Bronchial complication of cancer treatment in cases of empyema palliative nature. When liquid is poured over, and the cytostatic antibiotic is injected locally.
Other Lung Infections in pleural fluid, pleural fluid
Other lung infections, pneumonia or other causes of pleural fluid. Among these are bronchiectasis and lung abscess. Despite treatment with systemic antibiotics is quite common in empyema.
Intraabdominal infections, especially close to diyafrağmaya infeksi-tions, such as pleural fluid can lead to subphrenic abscess.
Left pleural fluid can cause acute pancreatitis or pancreatic cysts. In these cases, or abdominal pain plöral nature. Very useful diagnostic serum amylase to be more fluid.
Sometimes observed in lung fungal diseases pleural effusion.
Coxackie group of viruses that cause pericarditis tekrarlaycı benign disease may occur many times a complication of left pleural effusion.
Pleural effusion secondary to liver abscess abscess husule amoeba growing income. Pleural fluid is usually serofibrinözdür. Amoeba subphrenic abscess diaphragmatic abscess puncture and pleural cavity, some pop-up and play the husule am-income. Intracavernous lung lesions may occur and sometimes a fistula develops bronkohepatik. In these cases, thoracentesis fluid, or sputum "molten chocolate" is seen as such. Blood and liver tissue, and this property causes the fluid exudates. Fluid was seen in liver tissue is helpful in diagnosis. Chest radiography and fixed right diaphragm was elevated, and the right lower lobe, right pleural epanşmanı condensation occurs. Emet amoeba siyonunun infek-specific therapy.
Hydatid cyst. Being infected in the pleural fluid in the lungs, or rupture of the cyst comes husule. In most cases exceeds the pleura, the air is hydropneumothorax. And intraplöral "lotus flower" appearance may husule. The diagnosis is confirmed the discovery of the echinococcus parasite antigens. Hooks must be sought in pleural fluid and sputum parasite.
Intraabdominal infections, especially close to diyafrağmaya infeksi-tions, such as pleural fluid can lead to subphrenic abscess.
Left pleural fluid can cause acute pancreatitis or pancreatic cysts. In these cases, or abdominal pain plöral nature. Very useful diagnostic serum amylase to be more fluid.
Sometimes observed in lung fungal diseases pleural effusion.
Coxackie group of viruses that cause pericarditis tekrarlaycı benign disease may occur many times a complication of left pleural effusion.
Pleural effusion secondary to liver abscess abscess husule amoeba growing income. Pleural fluid is usually serofibrinözdür. Amoeba subphrenic abscess diaphragmatic abscess puncture and pleural cavity, some pop-up and play the husule am-income. Intracavernous lung lesions may occur and sometimes a fistula develops bronkohepatik. In these cases, thoracentesis fluid, or sputum "molten chocolate" is seen as such. Blood and liver tissue, and this property causes the fluid exudates. Fluid was seen in liver tissue is helpful in diagnosis. Chest radiography and fixed right diaphragm was elevated, and the right lower lobe, right pleural epanşmanı condensation occurs. Emet amoeba siyonunun infek-specific therapy.
Hydatid cyst. Being infected in the pleural fluid in the lungs, or rupture of the cyst comes husule. In most cases exceeds the pleura, the air is hydropneumothorax. And intraplöral "lotus flower" appearance may husule. The diagnosis is confirmed the discovery of the echinococcus parasite antigens. Hooks must be sought in pleural fluid and sputum parasite.
Bacterial Pleurisy
Pneumonia usually occurs in such cases before. This, followed by pleurisy as a complication. Post-pneumonic effusion and empyema progresses gradually turn into a time oluşunca. However, due to pneumonia, empyema cases, antibiotic treatment to prevent too many times başlanacağından.
In these patients, cough, sputum and fever pneumonia in clinical symptoms such as sudden and acute indicates a start. Dyspnea and chest pain when it is added to the complication of pleurisy symptoms and signs of pneumonia many times masks. Thus, the disease causes pneumonia escape review, the primary disease is thought to pleurisy. However, Railer heard in pneumonia and other clinical, radiological and laboratory findings confirm the diagnosis of pleurisy postpnömonik. Infiltration of the pleura, or visceral pleura pneumonia, pleural fluid formation is related to bacterial invasion. Healed lung infection and symptoms of the disease disappears the liquid is absorbed. In some cases, especially lung disease, pleurisy postpnömonik streptococcal origin may continue after recovery.
Thoracentesis yellow or straw-colored exudate from the liquid. Is not clear many times, blurred and smoky. Antibiotic treatment for pneumonia, pleurisy causing bacteria in liquid is made visible. 5000-10.000/mm3 leukocyte fluid is, in most polymorphic seed. This finding for the diagnosis of pleurisy postpnömonik private nature. Treated in some cases less than the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes may be more than the formula. At that time, tuberculosis kuşkulanılır effusions. Pleural biopsy may not be enlightening. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the disease course can be helpful.
In these patients, cough, sputum and fever pneumonia in clinical symptoms such as sudden and acute indicates a start. Dyspnea and chest pain when it is added to the complication of pleurisy symptoms and signs of pneumonia many times masks. Thus, the disease causes pneumonia escape review, the primary disease is thought to pleurisy. However, Railer heard in pneumonia and other clinical, radiological and laboratory findings confirm the diagnosis of pleurisy postpnömonik. Infiltration of the pleura, or visceral pleura pneumonia, pleural fluid formation is related to bacterial invasion. Healed lung infection and symptoms of the disease disappears the liquid is absorbed. In some cases, especially lung disease, pleurisy postpnömonik streptococcal origin may continue after recovery.
Thoracentesis yellow or straw-colored exudate from the liquid. Is not clear many times, blurred and smoky. Antibiotic treatment for pneumonia, pleurisy causing bacteria in liquid is made visible. 5000-10.000/mm3 leukocyte fluid is, in most polymorphic seed. This finding for the diagnosis of pleurisy postpnömonik private nature. Treated in some cases less than the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes may be more than the formula. At that time, tuberculosis kuşkulanılır effusions. Pleural biopsy may not be enlightening. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the disease course can be helpful.
Tuberculosis Pleurisy
Tuberculosis is a major cause of young people epanşmanının pleura. The period of primary tuberculous pleurisy is more, a few weeks or a few months after having a positive tuberculin reaction is husule. Pleural lymphatic drainage of a caseous granuloma Subplöral direct effect or the disease causes progressive visceral pleura infiltration pleurisy. Pulmonary lesions of tuberculous pleurisy than once a clinical or radiological evidence of specific observed.
Pörezisi acute or subacute hematogenous tuberculosis can also occur as a result of deployments. Hematogenous release of bilateral pleural effusion is seen quite often. Ribs, vertebrae and mediastinal lymph nodes tuberculosis pleural effusion and empyema are known to spread. These are similar to primary tuberculous pleurisy-tion. Kavernli adult tuberculosis may occur in the pleurisy
Clinical symptoms
The main clinical symptoms of tuberculosis pleurisy fever, chest pain and dyspnea (Triple symptom). Not be important, and dry cough, sputum production, not landing. Usually an acute onset of the disease a few days or few weeks, completed all three symptoms. As the liquid becomes more severe fever, and dyspnea. The pain usually niteliğindedir pleural pain. Furthermore, weakness, fatigue, weight loss and there are systemic symptoms such as sweating. The patient's general appearance is pretty good, not bad as well as acute and serious infection. Patient hemitorax movement is limited, there is dullness and decreased breath sounds. Frotman audible at startup. But the leaves thoroughly, then left pleural fluid has improved for two frotman inaudible. Rai is rare. Ögofoni and breath sounds can be heard just above the liquid increases. Very fluid together at the opposite side mediastinum, the diaphragm is pushed down, and the other party bombeleşir paravertebral intercostal spaces are taken in the dullness. Increased sedimentation. Other laboratory findings often are normal. Tuberculin test is positive. In rare cases were negative, but positive in the weeks after the recovery would be balance in the immune-sensitivity.
Radiological findings
Both tuberculosis, chest radiography and pleural effusions due to other reasons, the most useful diagnostic method. A moderate who occupied the lower part of a hemithorax pleurisy, heart and diaphragm, covering the homogeneous limit is a concentration. Upper limit of the full non-specific medial border of the concentration above the limit of late Rai, concavity upward and inward-looking view of the border vardır.Üst Damoiseau this shape is called a line. Side radiograph better determine the localization of the liquid.
Laboratory
Clear yellow fluid and pleural exudate niteliğindedir taken. 500-2000 / mm3, WBC has. Lenfosittir majority of leukocytes (60-90%). If the suspicion of tuberculous pleural puncture should be repeated after a period of time. Koch bacillus culture positive in 40% of cases. Other bacteria in the liquid culture-negative bacillus Koch made tir.Fazla liquid culture increases the chances of reproduction. 70-parietal pleural biopsy in 80% of cases were granulomatous or granuloma was not seen. If necessary, a few are made from the biopsy, diagnosis increases the chance. Pleuroscopy yardımıyle pleural biopsy is performed flexible fiberoptic visualization is a more positive result. Histopathologic examination and culture is made. Antituberculosis drugs evaluated in the study of culture sensitivity.
Treatment
Rest and thoracentesis with pleural tuberculosis was resolved a few weeks may be lost. Cases of tuberculosis a few years later without specific treatment required the activation of re-infection is a common development.
Clinical and radiological examination of pleural fluid should be aspirated edilince plönezi diagnosis. However, liquid should not be more than one thoracentesis 1000. Usually 2-3 times intraplöral aspirations fully drained of fluid. The disease is diagnosed in the place of three or four antituberculosis drugs and corticosteroids. Streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H), rifampin (R), Ethambutol (E) and pyrazinamide (Z) to begin treatment with antituberculosis drugs, four of them (Shrek). S + H + R is used many times at the beginning. Streptomycin 1 gm IM daily in adults, 300-400 mg per day of oral isoniazid, ethambutol 1000-1500 mg orally per day, rifampin 600 mg per day given orally. Streptomycin 1 gm daily dose is given IM at a time. Oral drugs are given meal a day at a time or two.
Corticosteroids prevent adhesions and facilitate absorption of liquid. 30-40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day of oral steroids are given for 2-3 weeks. After that 2-5 mg per day reduced the last few weeks of treatment with oral doses of verilir.Günlük meal is 2-3. Steroid dose and duration of treatment and the result set according to the seriousness of the disease. Antituberculosis drug and steroid therapy, fever, pain, fatigue, cough, anorexia symptoms such as feeling unwell a few days and the patient recovers. Pleural Effusion in the first period (acute phase), the hospital should be treated. Many times this time 3-6 weeks. After this treatment, the triple (H + R + M) or dual drug (H + R) 12 months continue to be ambulatory drug sensitivity of bacteria examined edilir.Tüberküloz should change the result, according to the treatment protocol. This is very important. Or incomplete treatment of tuberculosis patients in Turkey are not treated because of increasing drug resistance in tuberculosis bacteria.
Tuberculosis pleurisy geçirenlerin regular and healthy life is required. And often done in clinical and radiological controls. Koch's bacilli of tuberculosis pleurisy is treated effectively with drugs for 12 months. H and R and longer in treatment-resistant cases. Untreated patients with tuberculous pleurisy treated with or missing in the future may be the activation of pulmonary tuberculosis or extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Pörezisi acute or subacute hematogenous tuberculosis can also occur as a result of deployments. Hematogenous release of bilateral pleural effusion is seen quite often. Ribs, vertebrae and mediastinal lymph nodes tuberculosis pleural effusion and empyema are known to spread. These are similar to primary tuberculous pleurisy-tion. Kavernli adult tuberculosis may occur in the pleurisy
Clinical symptoms
The main clinical symptoms of tuberculosis pleurisy fever, chest pain and dyspnea (Triple symptom). Not be important, and dry cough, sputum production, not landing. Usually an acute onset of the disease a few days or few weeks, completed all three symptoms. As the liquid becomes more severe fever, and dyspnea. The pain usually niteliğindedir pleural pain. Furthermore, weakness, fatigue, weight loss and there are systemic symptoms such as sweating. The patient's general appearance is pretty good, not bad as well as acute and serious infection. Patient hemitorax movement is limited, there is dullness and decreased breath sounds. Frotman audible at startup. But the leaves thoroughly, then left pleural fluid has improved for two frotman inaudible. Rai is rare. Ögofoni and breath sounds can be heard just above the liquid increases. Very fluid together at the opposite side mediastinum, the diaphragm is pushed down, and the other party bombeleşir paravertebral intercostal spaces are taken in the dullness. Increased sedimentation. Other laboratory findings often are normal. Tuberculin test is positive. In rare cases were negative, but positive in the weeks after the recovery would be balance in the immune-sensitivity.
Radiological findings
Both tuberculosis, chest radiography and pleural effusions due to other reasons, the most useful diagnostic method. A moderate who occupied the lower part of a hemithorax pleurisy, heart and diaphragm, covering the homogeneous limit is a concentration. Upper limit of the full non-specific medial border of the concentration above the limit of late Rai, concavity upward and inward-looking view of the border vardır.Üst Damoiseau this shape is called a line. Side radiograph better determine the localization of the liquid.
Laboratory
Clear yellow fluid and pleural exudate niteliğindedir taken. 500-2000 / mm3, WBC has. Lenfosittir majority of leukocytes (60-90%). If the suspicion of tuberculous pleural puncture should be repeated after a period of time. Koch bacillus culture positive in 40% of cases. Other bacteria in the liquid culture-negative bacillus Koch made tir.Fazla liquid culture increases the chances of reproduction. 70-parietal pleural biopsy in 80% of cases were granulomatous or granuloma was not seen. If necessary, a few are made from the biopsy, diagnosis increases the chance. Pleuroscopy yardımıyle pleural biopsy is performed flexible fiberoptic visualization is a more positive result. Histopathologic examination and culture is made. Antituberculosis drugs evaluated in the study of culture sensitivity.
Treatment
Rest and thoracentesis with pleural tuberculosis was resolved a few weeks may be lost. Cases of tuberculosis a few years later without specific treatment required the activation of re-infection is a common development.
Clinical and radiological examination of pleural fluid should be aspirated edilince plönezi diagnosis. However, liquid should not be more than one thoracentesis 1000. Usually 2-3 times intraplöral aspirations fully drained of fluid. The disease is diagnosed in the place of three or four antituberculosis drugs and corticosteroids. Streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H), rifampin (R), Ethambutol (E) and pyrazinamide (Z) to begin treatment with antituberculosis drugs, four of them (Shrek). S + H + R is used many times at the beginning. Streptomycin 1 gm IM daily in adults, 300-400 mg per day of oral isoniazid, ethambutol 1000-1500 mg orally per day, rifampin 600 mg per day given orally. Streptomycin 1 gm daily dose is given IM at a time. Oral drugs are given meal a day at a time or two.
Corticosteroids prevent adhesions and facilitate absorption of liquid. 30-40 mg prednisone or equivalent per day of oral steroids are given for 2-3 weeks. After that 2-5 mg per day reduced the last few weeks of treatment with oral doses of verilir.Günlük meal is 2-3. Steroid dose and duration of treatment and the result set according to the seriousness of the disease. Antituberculosis drug and steroid therapy, fever, pain, fatigue, cough, anorexia symptoms such as feeling unwell a few days and the patient recovers. Pleural Effusion in the first period (acute phase), the hospital should be treated. Many times this time 3-6 weeks. After this treatment, the triple (H + R + M) or dual drug (H + R) 12 months continue to be ambulatory drug sensitivity of bacteria examined edilir.Tüberküloz should change the result, according to the treatment protocol. This is very important. Or incomplete treatment of tuberculosis patients in Turkey are not treated because of increasing drug resistance in tuberculosis bacteria.
Tuberculosis pleurisy geçirenlerin regular and healthy life is required. And often done in clinical and radiological controls. Koch's bacilli of tuberculosis pleurisy is treated effectively with drugs for 12 months. H and R and longer in treatment-resistant cases. Untreated patients with tuberculous pleurisy treated with or missing in the future may be the activation of pulmonary tuberculosis or extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
What is Pleural Diseases
Pleural disease is common and usually secondary to lung disease husule revenues.
Anatomy
Pleura, lung and pleural cavity is a membrane that covers the years. Visceral pleura of the lung and interlobar fissures cover the entire surface. Remains outside the visceral pleura parietal pleura, lung and others.
Physiology
There is a space between the visceral and parietal pleura leaves. One prevents the thin liquid two-leaf friction. Pleural fluid is renewed continuously, and is absorbed.
And accumulated in the accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity fluid absorption is very fast. Accumulated in the pleural cavity in different diseases, for example a liquid is absorbed and superseded saatta% 30-75 accumulates. Normally the pleural cavity fluid is collected.
Pleural fluid (Pleurisy)
Examination of pleural fluid, pleural disease toransentez taken with a very important method for diagnosis. The patient's age, work place, hospital or outpatient-causing disease varies according to the characteristics of pleural fluid. Infection, tumor, and congestive heart failure, 75% of all pleural fluids included. Pulmonary infarction, cirrhosis, and reviewed several times because of the trauma husule escaped from the liquids. Viral pericarditis, pneumothorax, rheumatoid lung disease, nephrotic sondrom superior vena cava syndrome, pleural fluid by other diseases.
TEMPERATURE diagnosis of the etiology of pleural fluid characteristics can be helpful. The main two types of pleural fluid transudates and exudates.
Transudates
Pleural fluid transudates and protein density of less than 1,015 gm is less than 3%. Transudates usually salt and water retention, hypoalbuminemia, and are due to venous or lymphatic pressure. About 10% of pleural transudates niteliğindedir tumoral fluids. This rate küçümsenmemeledir. Because the incidence of tumors than pleural effusion.
Congestive heart failure
The main cause of pleural fluid transudates nature of congestive heart insufficiency. Clinical symptoms, physical examination, ECG and radiological findings in the diagnosis of the disease easily provided. The pleural fluid in patients with lung kapilerlerinde cause the increase of hydrostatic pressure. Bilateral liquid is monitored frequently. From left to right pleural effusion is usually more frequent. Only the right can be fluid. Liquid to be left alone is rare. Congestive heart failure, sometimes localized interlobar fluid collection is similar to the tumor. These phantom (imaginary) is called a tumor. Radiographs taken in different positions (standing and decubitus lateral) shape of the liquid varies, this does not change, whereas tumors.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome, another cause of pleural fluid transudates nature, is related to salt and water retention. Facilitates the collection of this disease, hypoalbuminemia liquid. Clinical, laboratory findings of the disease is diagnosed.
Acid
Peritoneum in the liquid (acid), pleural cavity through a defect in the diaphragm or diaphragmatic lenfatikleriyle passes.
Sometimes happens in cases of cirrhosis of the liver epanşmanı pleura. This is a very time-man epanş right side. Acid in pleural fluid is usually a complication of hepatic origin. Cirrhosis, together with the cases of pleural tuberculosis epanşmanı and the fire is likely.
Meigs syndrome epanşmanı pleura, peritoneum due to fluid accumulation associated with ovarian fıbroması. Liquid usually serözdür, sometimes bloody, and the intensity many times the amount of protein niteliğindedir transudates. Peritoneal cavity or fluid collection with a collection of fluid in the tumor fluid secretion kolaytaş-tırmasıyla is explained. Peritoneal fluid collected through pleural cavity. Removal of the tumor and the pleura epanşmanı acid disappears, and you do not husule.
Peritoneal or pleural effusion may occur depending on dializine.
Vascular occlusion (superior vena cava syndrome)
Süperiyörün vena cava tumor, granuloma (eg, tuberculosis) or a blockage of thrombosis commonly causes pleural epanşmanına. This obstruction of veins intercostal veins, and this leads to an increase in the parietal pleura and the pleural cavity, fluid accumulates in kapilerinde pressure. In this syndrome, pleural fluid transudate niteliğindedir generally. Clogging the fluid nature of the change has happened, however, the tumor infiltrated the pleura. Superior vena cava obstruction can cause sodium retention. Therefore, salt restriction and diuretic treatment in these patients, the reduction or loss of edema, and pleural fluid is useful.
Exudates
Exudative pleural fluid density, and more than 1,015 gm protein, 3% from the many.
Exudative pleural effusion seen in most tuberculosis disease. It follows other bacterial infections. Exudative pleural effusion and pulmonary infarction may occur if the tumor.
Anatomy
Pleura, lung and pleural cavity is a membrane that covers the years. Visceral pleura of the lung and interlobar fissures cover the entire surface. Remains outside the visceral pleura parietal pleura, lung and others.
Physiology
There is a space between the visceral and parietal pleura leaves. One prevents the thin liquid two-leaf friction. Pleural fluid is renewed continuously, and is absorbed.
And accumulated in the accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity fluid absorption is very fast. Accumulated in the pleural cavity in different diseases, for example a liquid is absorbed and superseded saatta% 30-75 accumulates. Normally the pleural cavity fluid is collected.
Pleural fluid (Pleurisy)
Examination of pleural fluid, pleural disease toransentez taken with a very important method for diagnosis. The patient's age, work place, hospital or outpatient-causing disease varies according to the characteristics of pleural fluid. Infection, tumor, and congestive heart failure, 75% of all pleural fluids included. Pulmonary infarction, cirrhosis, and reviewed several times because of the trauma husule escaped from the liquids. Viral pericarditis, pneumothorax, rheumatoid lung disease, nephrotic sondrom superior vena cava syndrome, pleural fluid by other diseases.
TEMPERATURE diagnosis of the etiology of pleural fluid characteristics can be helpful. The main two types of pleural fluid transudates and exudates.
Transudates
Pleural fluid transudates and protein density of less than 1,015 gm is less than 3%. Transudates usually salt and water retention, hypoalbuminemia, and are due to venous or lymphatic pressure. About 10% of pleural transudates niteliğindedir tumoral fluids. This rate küçümsenmemeledir. Because the incidence of tumors than pleural effusion.
Congestive heart failure
The main cause of pleural fluid transudates nature of congestive heart insufficiency. Clinical symptoms, physical examination, ECG and radiological findings in the diagnosis of the disease easily provided. The pleural fluid in patients with lung kapilerlerinde cause the increase of hydrostatic pressure. Bilateral liquid is monitored frequently. From left to right pleural effusion is usually more frequent. Only the right can be fluid. Liquid to be left alone is rare. Congestive heart failure, sometimes localized interlobar fluid collection is similar to the tumor. These phantom (imaginary) is called a tumor. Radiographs taken in different positions (standing and decubitus lateral) shape of the liquid varies, this does not change, whereas tumors.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome, another cause of pleural fluid transudates nature, is related to salt and water retention. Facilitates the collection of this disease, hypoalbuminemia liquid. Clinical, laboratory findings of the disease is diagnosed.
Acid
Peritoneum in the liquid (acid), pleural cavity through a defect in the diaphragm or diaphragmatic lenfatikleriyle passes.
Sometimes happens in cases of cirrhosis of the liver epanşmanı pleura. This is a very time-man epanş right side. Acid in pleural fluid is usually a complication of hepatic origin. Cirrhosis, together with the cases of pleural tuberculosis epanşmanı and the fire is likely.
Meigs syndrome epanşmanı pleura, peritoneum due to fluid accumulation associated with ovarian fıbroması. Liquid usually serözdür, sometimes bloody, and the intensity many times the amount of protein niteliğindedir transudates. Peritoneal cavity or fluid collection with a collection of fluid in the tumor fluid secretion kolaytaş-tırmasıyla is explained. Peritoneal fluid collected through pleural cavity. Removal of the tumor and the pleura epanşmanı acid disappears, and you do not husule.
Peritoneal or pleural effusion may occur depending on dializine.
Vascular occlusion (superior vena cava syndrome)
Süperiyörün vena cava tumor, granuloma (eg, tuberculosis) or a blockage of thrombosis commonly causes pleural epanşmanına. This obstruction of veins intercostal veins, and this leads to an increase in the parietal pleura and the pleural cavity, fluid accumulates in kapilerinde pressure. In this syndrome, pleural fluid transudate niteliğindedir generally. Clogging the fluid nature of the change has happened, however, the tumor infiltrated the pleura. Superior vena cava obstruction can cause sodium retention. Therefore, salt restriction and diuretic treatment in these patients, the reduction or loss of edema, and pleural fluid is useful.
Exudates
Exudative pleural fluid density, and more than 1,015 gm protein, 3% from the many.
Exudative pleural effusion seen in most tuberculosis disease. It follows other bacterial infections. Exudative pleural effusion and pulmonary infarction may occur if the tumor.
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