Radiation, is the first in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. The most common form of exposure to therapeutic irradiation, and environmental disasters. As a result of radiation to cause DNA strand breaks, increases the potential for development of malignancy. After the Chernobyl disaster, the most important example of the increase in childhood thyroid cancer rates.
Oncogenes also play a role in the formation of thyroid cancer. As an example, point mutations (ret, ras, BRAF, p53 suppressor gene) and chromosomal gene mutation or re-arranging (ret / PTC, TRK, PAX8/PPARĪ“) can be given. ATA revised guide is recommended to use these molecular Pointers on prognosis and treatment selection.
In general, patients with thyroid cancer before the development of goiter, benign thyroid nodule, lymphocytic thyroiditis or Graves' disease is located. However, these diseases are predisposing factors for thyroid cancer has not been established yet.
Thyroid cancer incidence among women and men during puberty and menopause to be close to 1, but showing great variation in women of reproductive periods, hormonal and reproductive factors also shows that in the pathogenesis.
Replacement of iodine in iodine sufficient areas taken or papillary type, follicular type of thyroid cancer incidence in iodine-deficient areas in the role of diet in the pathogenesis shows.
Follicular Thyroid Cancer
The second common type of thyroid cancer (15%). Female-male incidence of 3 to 1 and the average age is 50. More iodine is the poor regions. The only type of thyroid cancer associated with Dyshormonogenesis. Familial or Cowden Syndrome (transmitted as an autosomal dominant, where the characteristic skin lesions and a tendency to breast cancer syndrome) 's can also be seen as a part of. And ras oncogene activation may be induced by radiation. Ten-year survival rate of papillary thyroid cancer is lower, on average, 60-is 70%.
Unlike papillary thyroid cancer, vascular invasion is seen way. The most frequent foci of metastatic bone, liver and lungs. Regional lymph node metastases are rare.
Frequently observed multifocality, calcification, and there is little indication that desmoplastic reaction. Mature, healthy thyroid tissue, follicular adenoma resembles the distinction is difficult. Diagnosis of malignancy but is placed by the detection of vascular invasion or metastases.
Histopathologically, the distinction between follicular adenoma and to have a thick and irregular capsule, capsule invasion should be seen. Follicular cancers are divided into 2 groups according to the degree. Minimally invasive follicular cancers limited capsular and / or vascular invasion seen. Widely invasive follicular carcinomas of the capsular / vascular invasion, except surrounding soft tissues and / or blood vessels seen in the invasion. Shows the increase in the degree of vascular invasion increased aggressiveness on tumors.
Cell type of cancer called previously, the WHO classification of oncocytes variant of follicular cancer is called. % Of all thyroid cancers, creates 3-4 percent. The median age at diagnosis of making a 61, female-male ratio seen in the 6.5 to 3.5, tour. Usually solitary, encapsulated tumor of the full or almost full. Such as the potential for malignancy in follicular thyroid cancer with vascular or capsular invasion are measured. Invasion, lymph node metastases in distant organs and follicular thyroid cancer is more common. Tg, although it generates is not as high as iodine capture the classic, well-differentiated thyroid cancers.
Unlike papillary thyroid cancer, vascular invasion is seen way. The most frequent foci of metastatic bone, liver and lungs. Regional lymph node metastases are rare.
Frequently observed multifocality, calcification, and there is little indication that desmoplastic reaction. Mature, healthy thyroid tissue, follicular adenoma resembles the distinction is difficult. Diagnosis of malignancy but is placed by the detection of vascular invasion or metastases.
Histopathologically, the distinction between follicular adenoma and to have a thick and irregular capsule, capsule invasion should be seen. Follicular cancers are divided into 2 groups according to the degree. Minimally invasive follicular cancers limited capsular and / or vascular invasion seen. Widely invasive follicular carcinomas of the capsular / vascular invasion, except surrounding soft tissues and / or blood vessels seen in the invasion. Shows the increase in the degree of vascular invasion increased aggressiveness on tumors.
Cell type of cancer called previously, the WHO classification of oncocytes variant of follicular cancer is called. % Of all thyroid cancers, creates 3-4 percent. The median age at diagnosis of making a 61, female-male ratio seen in the 6.5 to 3.5, tour. Usually solitary, encapsulated tumor of the full or almost full. Such as the potential for malignancy in follicular thyroid cancer with vascular or capsular invasion are measured. Invasion, lymph node metastases in distant organs and follicular thyroid cancer is more common. Tg, although it generates is not as high as iodine capture the classic, well-differentiated thyroid cancers.
What is Virtual Endoscopy
Endoscopic technique for the conversion to a 3D-like images. Technical, particularly in sections which are difficult to assess the display of hollow organs and tubular structures, the internal surfaces in a continuum to show the reader the chance to intervene to recognize the interactive, multi-angle viewing option, and 3 to assess the perception of size and providing convenience.
CT virtual endoscopy studies in the field for the first time researchers have been submitted by Vining and colleagues tracheobronchial system, both the colon, bladder and the first studies related to the limited number of patients presented. Later developments in the software program and the detector system defined by the routine use of imaging techniques have become possible. The diagnostic value of the virtual endoscopic imaging is still controversial, however, some applications are carried out more than an academic purpose. Application area of radiological examinations in the virtual, virtual laryngoscopy, virtual bronchoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, virtual cystoscopy, virtual Angioscopy, a virtual display of the paranasal sinuses and middle ear, stomach and small intestine for the applications.
These benchmarks and real applications, which is routinely used in the virtual bronchoscopy, colonoscopy and cystoscopy included. Is actually a series of virtual endoscopic imaging with CT has become possible as a result of technical development. Among the most important role in the development of systems and slip-ring gantry geometry after the spiral scan. Thus, information derived from volume and 3D imaging has been made with computer software developments.
CT virtual endoscopy studies in the field for the first time researchers have been submitted by Vining and colleagues tracheobronchial system, both the colon, bladder and the first studies related to the limited number of patients presented. Later developments in the software program and the detector system defined by the routine use of imaging techniques have become possible. The diagnostic value of the virtual endoscopic imaging is still controversial, however, some applications are carried out more than an academic purpose. Application area of radiological examinations in the virtual, virtual laryngoscopy, virtual bronchoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, virtual cystoscopy, virtual Angioscopy, a virtual display of the paranasal sinuses and middle ear, stomach and small intestine for the applications.
These benchmarks and real applications, which is routinely used in the virtual bronchoscopy, colonoscopy and cystoscopy included. Is actually a series of virtual endoscopic imaging with CT has become possible as a result of technical development. Among the most important role in the development of systems and slip-ring gantry geometry after the spiral scan. Thus, information derived from volume and 3D imaging has been made with computer software developments.
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